At least 15 killed on Bourbon Street in New Orleans after driver intentionally slams truck into crowd; dozens injured
A man intentionally drove a pickup truck into a crowd of revelers on Bourbon Street in New Orleans' French Quarter early on New Year's Day, killing at least 15 people and injuring dozens of others, officials said.
The attack is being investigated as an act of terrorism, the Federal Bureau of Investigation said.
The man driving the vehicle has been identified as Shamsud-Din Jabbar, 42, a U.S. citizen from Texas, the FBI said.
In televised remarks Wednesday evening, President Biden said the FBI has determined that just hours before the attack, Jabbar "posted videos to social media indicating that he was inspired by ISIS, expressing a desire to kill."
FBI special agent Alethea Duncan said in a news conference on Wednesday afternoon that a black ISIS flag had been flying from the truck's rear bumper.
The vehicle was an electric Ford pickup truck and appears to have been rented, the FBI said. Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick said on social media Jabbar rented the truck on Dec. 30, while living in the Houston area, before heading to New Orleans.
Duncan said investigators "do not believe that Jabbar was solely responsible" for the attack, and the FBI believes he may have had help carrying it out. Duncan said the FBI is looking at a "range of suspects" and does "not want to rule anything out" at this stage of the investigation. The FBI is also working to determine the man's potential affiliations or associations with terrorist associations.
A person familiar with the investigation told CBS News that at this point, neither ISIS nor any other foreign terror organization has claimed responsibility for the attack.
The attacker drove around barricades and up onto the sidewalk of Bourbon Street, New Orleans Police Department Superintendent Anne Kirkpatrick said, avoiding barriers that had been placed by police. Kirkpatrick said the man "was trying to run over as many people as he could."
"We had a car there, we had barriers there, we had officers there, and he still got around," Kirkpatrick said.
The man then exited the car and opened fire on officers, the FBI official said. He died after exchanging gunfire with three responding officers, the FBI said. He was struck by police fire and declared dead at the scene, the New Orleans Police Department said. Two police officers were hit by gunfire but were in stable condition.
Weapons and two potential improvised explosive devices, or IEDs, were located in the vehicle, Duncan said. At least one other IED was found in the French Quarter, and was detonated by law enforcement, a person familiar with the investigation said. The number of IEDs left behind is a large part of why the FBI believes the man may have had an accomplice, sources tell CBS News. Investigators are combing through video to see if there were accomplices involved in placing the devices, sources told CBS News.
Further sweeps by law enforcement did not find any more IEDs, Duncan said. Kirkpatrick said police walked the area as a grid, looking for any suspicious items. Anyone who sees anything suspicious should contact officials, Duncan said.
A long gun was recovered from the scene, law enforcement sources told CBS News. The long gun had a "suppressive device" on it that acted as a silencer, according to sources on the scene.
Two sources familiar with the investigation told CBS News the man was wearing body armor.
Investigators from the FBI, Homeland Security and bomb squad have all been on the scene at an Airbnb in the St. Roch area of New Orleans, where officials tell CBS News the suspect was staying while in New Orleans. That building caught fire on Wednesday and the investigation into that fire is ongoing.
Duncan asked that anyone with information about the man contact the FBI. A U.S. official confirmed to CBS News that he had previously served in the U.S. military.
Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry called it "a horrific act of violence" and said he and his wife were "praying for all the victims and first responders on scene." He urged people to avoid the area.
"As of now, 15 people are deceased. It will take several days to perform all autopsies. Once we complete the autopsies and talk with the next of kin, we will release the identifications of the victims," New Orleans Coroner Dr. Dwight McKenna said in a statement.
The popular tourist district was full of New Year's Day revelers at the time of the attack.
Witnesses told CBS News reporter Kati Weis that a white truck crashed into people on Bourbon Street at high speed, and the driver then started firing a weapon from inside the vehicle, with police returning fire. Weis saw multiple people on the ground being treated for injuries near the intersection of Bourbon and Canal Streets.
The City of New Orleans said in a statement posted online that 30 people were transported to area hospitals with injuries and 10 people were confirmed dead. Kirkpatrick later said that at least 35 people were hospitalized.
"He was hellbent on creating the carnage and the damage that he did," Kirkpatrick said.
Duncan said the FBI will be leading the investigation. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Justice Department's National Security Division and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Louisiana will work with the FBI and local officials to support the investigation, Attorney General Merrick Garland said. President Biden was briefed about the attack, the White House said, and his administration has been in touch with Cantrell to offer support.
Biden said in a statement he has directed his administration to "ensure every resource is available as federal, state, and local law enforcement work assiduously to get to the bottom of what happened as quickly as possible and to ensure that there is no remaining threat of any kind."
"My heart goes out to the victims and their families who were simply trying to celebrate the holiday," Biden said. "There is no justification for violence of any kind, and we will not tolerate any attack on any of our nation's communities."
President-elect Donald Trump also acknowledged the attack in a post on TruthSocial.
"Our hearts are with all of the innocent victims and their loved ones, including the brave officers of the New Orleans Police Department," Trump said, in part.
The Sugar Bowl college football playoff game was set to be played at the nearby Superdome later Wednesday, but has been rescheduled for Thursday night. Kirkpatrick said bomb sweeps have been conducted at the Superdome, and said the stadium would be locked down until the game.
Jeff Hundley, the Chief Executive Officer of the Sugar Bowl, announced the delay at Thursday's news conference. More details about the rescheduled game will be available in the coming hours, he said.
"We live in the fun and games world, with what we do, but we certainly recognize the importance of this and we're going to support it 100%," Hundley said.
A student from the University of Georgia, one of the teams playing in the game, was "critically injured" in the attack, according to a statement from the school on social media. The student was not identified.
Jim and Nicole Mowrer were in New Orleans visiting from Iowa and witnessed the incident. The couple told CBS News they had watched the city's fireworks display and were enjoying the New Year's Day atmosphere in the French Quarter when they heard crashing noises coming from down the street. They said they then saw a white truck slam through a barricade "at a high rate of speed," followed by gunfire and police. The couple said the truck hit people about a block away from where they had been walking.
"Once the gunfire stopped, we stayed in the alcove until the gunfire stopped, came out into the street, and came across a lot of — several people who had been hit, [we] wanted to see what we could do to help," Nicole Mowrer said. She said the couple found the victims had died.
The Mowrers said the victims they saw had injuries from the truck impact, and they did not see any apparent gunshot wounds. They said they left the area once emergency responders started arriving.
In a 2017 memo reviewed by CBS News, the city of New Orleans had acknowledged the risk of a mass casualty incident in the crowded, tourist-friendly French Quarter. The memo specifically referenced vehicle attacks in Nice, France, London, England and New York City. To minimize risk, the city said it planned to establish a camera and surveillance program, a centralized command center, more police patrols and infrastructure upgrades. The city had been in the process of upgrading the pedestrian bollard system in the French Quarter to modernize and bolster protections, with work ongoing through February.
Kati Weis, Andres Triay, Pat Milton, Nicole Sganga, Anna Schecter, Robert Legare and Rhona Tarrant contributed to this report.
Texas man kills 15 on New Orleans’ Bourbon Street after driving truck with ISIS flag through crowd
A Texas man plowed a pickup truck flying an ISIS flag through New Year’s Day revelers on Bourbon Street in New Orleans on Wednesday, killing 15 and injuring more than 30 in an attack the FBI said is being investigated as an act of terrorism.
Once the driver, identified as Shamsud-Din Jabbar, 42, a U.S. citizen, crashed the white Ford truck around 3:15 a.m., he opened fire on responding police officers, wounding two. He died in the gunfight.
The bloody scene came as a shock to one of the most popular party streets in the country, where people celebrating the turn to 2025 with friends in bars and clubs were instead met with bodies on the asphalt. Witnesses posted graphic videos to social media and tried to describe mayhem in interviews.
“It was unbelievable,” Jimmy Cothran, who witnessed the attack from a nightclub balcony, told NBC News. “It just kept going.”
He said he saw multiple bodies lying on the street within seconds, including many that were “horribly disfigured” — one marred by tire tracks.
Jabbar, an Army veteran, also had weapons and a potential improvised explosive device in the rented truck, the FBI said. There were other possible IEDs planted nearby in the French Quarter, two of which have been rendered safe. The FBI is working to determine the suspect’s potential associations and affiliations with terrorist organizations.
Jabbar served in the Army on active duty from 2006 to 2015 and then in the Army Reserve from 2015 to 2020, according to three U.S. defense officials. He had deployed to Afghanistan in 2009 and was a staff sergeant when he was honorably discharged in 2020, the officials said.
The FBI initially said the confirmed deaths were at least 10, and later updated that number to 15.
Alethea Duncan, the assistant special agent in charge of the FBI’s New Orleans field office, said the FBI believes the suspect was not acting alone.
There is no active manhunt for other specific suspects, four senior law enforcement officials said.
The FBI was investigating whether other people were involved in placing two containers that had been feared to have possible IEDs, the officials said — but a senior law enforcement official later said those people have been ruled out as suspects.
“This man was trying to run over as many people as he possibly could,” Police Superintendent Anne Kirkpatrick said at a news conference. “He was hell bent on creating the carnage and the damage that he did.”
Among those killed was Reggie Hunter, 37, a father of two, according to his cousin Shirell Jackson.
Hunter, a warehouse manager from Baton Rouge, was hit by the suspect’s truck and pronounced dead at University Medical Center, Jackson told NBC News. His injuries included a ruptured spleen, a punctured lung and internal bleeding, she said.
“He just didn’t deserve this,” said Jackson, who described her cousin as an “awesome person” and “a little-bitty guy” with a “big heart.” She also said he was extremely funny and loved his children, boys ages 11 and 1.
Another victim was identified as Tiger Bech, a 2015 graduate of St. Thomas More Catholic High School in Lafayette, Louisiana, the school said in a statement. It said Bech was a “standout” in football, lacrosse and track and field.
Federal investigators and law enforcement agencies in New Orleans are trying to determine whether the suspect used a long-gun rifle and whether he may have fired into the crowd while he was running people over, said three senior law enforcement officials briefed on the investigation.
The celebratory scene descended into chaos rapidly, according to a woman who said she was going through the intersection when she witnessed the start of the attack.
“The guy in the pickup truck just punched the gas and mowed over the barricade and hit a pedicab passenger,” she said. “There were just bodies and the screams.”
Mayor LaToya Cantrell said New Orleans was “impacted by a terrorist attack.” President Joe Biden has been briefed on the attack, a White House official said.
The dozens of injured were being treated at local hospitals, as were the two injured officers, Kirkpatrick said.
Kirkpatrick said that it was unclear how many victims were local residents but that according to preliminary information, “it seems the majority are locals versus tourists.”
Historic Bourbon Street, a popular tourist area in the French Quarter filled with bars and restaurants, was expected to be busy on New Year’s Eve.
Questions were raised about how the driver was able to get around barriers that were meant to keep pedestrians safe.
Cothran said that from the balcony where he was perched, he did not see any protective steel barricades in the area around Bourbon Street and that he had been surprised earlier in the evening that they were not in place.
NBC News was not able to immediately confirm what barricades, if any, had been put in place in the area.
At a news conference Wednesday afternoon, Cantrell, the mayor, said bollards were not up because they were still under construction. She said the project was nearly finished, with completion expected before New Orleans hosts the Super Bowl in February.
Kirkpatrick said the suspect drove onto the sidewalk and around a “hard target” — which included officers, barriers and a car — to carry out the attack.
“They still got around,” Kirkpatrick said, addressing issues with bollards in the French Quarter. “The wedges that you see out there, as well, we knew that that had malfunction problems.”
“We did indeed have a plan, but the terrorist defeated it,” Kirkpatrick said.
The Sugar Bowl college football game, which had been scheduled to be played Wednesday evening at the Superdome in New Orleans, was delayed until Thursday.
The game, between Georgia and Notre Dame, will be played at 3 p.m. local time (4 p.m. ET). Officials said there will be additional safety measures.
Video recorded by onlookers and uploaded to social media showed a huge police presence on Bourbon and Canal streets.
Police said Tuesday that they expected the city to be busy as locals and visitors rang in the new year. New Orleans police said they would be staffed at 100% and would draft in 300 more officers to help keep the peace.
“We will be relentless, and we will do everything that it takes to render real justice,” Cantrell said.
Who, What, Why: Is it illegal to display an IS flag?
Police have been criticised for not arresting a man who walked through Westminster apparently displaying the black flag associated with the Islamic State group. Is such an act against the law, asks Finlo Rohrer.
The man, with a small child on his shoulders also holding a flag, walked near the Houses of Parliament while draped in the black flag, apparently similar to that used by the Islamist militant group.
The Metropolitan Police said they stopped him but then let him go on his way. "This man was spoken to by officers, with consideration given to relevant legislation, particularly the Public Order Act, and the decision was taken by officers at the time that the man was acting within the law. He was not arrested.
"Wearing, carrying or displaying of an emblem or flag, by itself, is not an offence unless the way in which, or the circumstance in which, the emblem is worn, carried or displayed is such as to cause reasonable suspicion that the person is a supporter or member of a proscribed organisation. While support of and membership of [IS] is unlawful it is not a criminal offence to advocate the creation of an independent state."
The black flag with a white shahada [Islamic creed] has been used by other militant groups before Islamic State.
There remains the possibility that the episode was some sort of spoof. And Met chief Bernard Hogan-Howe said that further investigation was needed to establish if the flag was of the sort typically used by IS.
One relevant passage from the Public Order Act 1986, external, which covers England and Wales, says someone is guilty of causing "harassment, alarm or distress" if they "display any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening or abusive within the hearing or sight of a person likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress thereby".
The pan-UK Terrorism Act 2000, external is also relevant. "A person in a public place commits an offence if he (a) wears an item of clothing, or (b) wears, carries or displays an article, in such a way or in such circumstances as to arouse reasonable suspicion that he is a member or supporter of a proscribed organisation."
The Islamic State grouping has been proscribed in the UK, external since last year. This offence carries a prison sentence of up to six months and a fine.
"I'm surprised the police didn't at least arrest him," says Edward Elwyn Jones, senior associate solicitor at Hodge, Jones & Allen. "I've seen people legitimately protesting arrested for less than this."
Jones cited the Rankin v Murray case from 2004 where it was established that a ring inscribed with "UVF" (Ulster Volunteer Force) was sufficient for a conviction.
"But having spoken to the [flag wearer] they might have taken a view that he was genuinely not supporting IS," Jones adds.
Gary Watt, professor of law at Warwick University, says: "The police might have been justified in concluding that it didn't breach any strict statutory wording."
But regardless of the Terrorism Act and Public Order Act, Watt says it is interesting that the police didn't think the flag constituted a "breach of the peace" under common law.
"Had this been a naked person walking down the street would the police have intervened? They probably would have intervened even though there is no strict letter of the law against being naked in public."
The key issue is where the offence was felt, Watt says. In this instance there was apparently little reaction from the crowds of tourists passing the man, possibly with some or many unaware of the significance of the flag.
"The real outrage has been a social media outrage," says Watt. And there is currently no suggestion from anyone that the police should be taking into account the global reaction to an event when trying to maintain the peace locally.
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New Orleans terror attack live updates: Terrorist made videos where he confessed to planning to murder his family, claimed he joined ISIS
New Year’s celebrations in New Orleans turned tragic early Wednesday after a terrorist mowed down revelers on the city’s iconic Bourbon Street, killing at least 15 and injuring dozens of others, officials said. After ramming into the crowd, driver Shamsud Din Jabbar, 42, was shot dead during a gunfight with cops that left two officers injured. Jabbar grew up in Texas and is believed to have served in the military for 10 years, sources told The Post.
He drove an EV pickup truck — which displayed a black ISIS flag on the back — through the barricades on the corner of Bourbon and Canal streets. The FBI has yet to confirm his possible connections or affiliations with ISIS.
At least three improvised pipe bombs were found nearby in the city’s famed French Quarter, including one in Jabbar’s truck. Two were homemade with nails hidden in blue coolers, sources told The Post.
The FBI does not think the terrorist “was solely responsible,” the agency said Wednesday afternoon, and a Louisiana State Police intelligence bulletin obtained by The Associated Press revealed that three men and a woman were seen stashing the devices across the historic district.
“This is not just an act of terrorism – this is evil,” New Orleans Police Chief Anne Kirkpatrick said during a news conference Wednesday.
Jabbar “was hell-bent on creating the carnage and the damage that he did,” Kirkpatrick had said earlier. “This man was trying to run over as many people as he possibly could.”
Pro-ISIS group called on Muslims to conduct NYE attacks ahead of New Orleans massacre
A driver killed 10 people and injured dozens more after plowing a pickup truck donning an ISIS flag into a crowd of people celebrating the New Year on Bourbon Street in New Orleans, just days after a pro-ISIS outlet called on Muslims to wage Islamic jihad in the U.S., Europe and Russia.
The tragic event happened at about 3:15 a.m. on New Year’s Day and the FBI identified the driver as 42-year-old Shamsud Din Jabbar of Texas.
Police said the suspect died after jumping out of his truck and trading gunfire with responding officers.
The FBI told reporters on Wednesday that an ISIS flag was located on the trailer hitch of the vehicle, adding that the FBI is working to determine Din Jabbar’s potential associations and affiliation to the terrorist organization.
Suspect Identified After Driver Kills Ten, Injures Dozens In Bourbon Street Truck Attack
On Sunday, a pro-ISIS outlet turned to Telegram and called on Muslims living in the US, Europe and Russia to conduct attacks on New Year’s Eve.
"Oh monotheists in Europe, America, Russia and other lands of the Crusaders, we know that you are eager to join your brothers in the land of Jihad, but the paths have been cut off for you," a translated version of the post read. "The Crusaders are among you. Their security has been prolonged, and your brothers are being killed.
Separate Shootings Near New Orleans Parade Route Leave 2 Dead, 10 Wounded
"The time has come to take out the swords from their sheaths and to hamstring the horses in their places that Allah loves and is pleased with," the post continued. "They are preparing for the feast of their polytheism, so turn their feast into mourning and their joy into a calamity."
The outlet asked Muslims, or "Crusaders," if they felt safe in their homes as their brothers and sisters were in detention centers and camps, before calling on them to "repeat the attack on them and repeat the days of those who preceded you on this path."
"So, lie in wait for them, lie in wait, and seize opportunities and attack them like a hungry lion attacks its heedless prey," the message read. "Let none of you be cowardly or weak, and let the saying of Allah be before your eyes: Come and fight the polytheists all together as they fight you all together, so put your trust in God and repeat the days of terror against the Crusaders with killing, spite and torture, for the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: ‘An unbeliever and his killer will never meet in the Fire, so support God and He will support you, and be honest with Him.’"
The attack in New Orleans comes nearly two weeks after a suspected terror attack on a Christmas market in Germany.
A psychiatrist from Saudi Arabia was reportedly arrested in connection to the Dec. 20 car-ramming at a crowded Christmas market in Magdeburg, Germany, that killed five people, including a nine-year-old boy, and injured over 200 others.
Original article source: Pro-ISIS group called on Muslims to conduct NYE attacks ahead of New Orleans massacre
Bourbon Street attacker identified after deadly rampage in New Orleans. Here's what to know.
The man responsible for a deadly attack on Bourbon Street in New Orleans has been identified as Shamsud-Din Jabbar, a 42-year-old U.S. citizen from Texas, the FBI said. He previously served in the U.S. military. And President Biden said Wednesday evening that he appears to have been inspired by ISIS.
Officials now say 15 people were killed and dozens injured when the attacker drove around barricades and hurtled down Bourbon Street in New Orleans' French Quarter as New Year's revelers were celebrating early on Wednesday. New Orleans Police Department Superintendent Anne Kirkpatrick described the attack as "very intentional behavior."
"He was hellbent on creating the carnage and the damage that he did," Kirkpatrick said.
The FBI said it is investigating the incident "as an act of terrorism."
In televised remarks Wednesday evening, President Biden said, "The FBI also reported to me that mere hours before the attack, he posted videos to social media indicating that he was inspired by ISIS, expressing a desire to kill."
The attacker drove a pickup truck into a crowd at about 3:15 a.m., killing at least 15 people and injuring dozens of others, officials said. He then exited the vehicle — a Ford pickup truck he appears to have rented in Texas — and fired upon local law enforcement, the FBI said. Two law enforcement officers were injured and transported to a local hospital.
The attacker was struck by police fire and declared dead at the scene, the New Orleans Police Department said.
"This man was trying to run over as many people as he could," said Kirkpatrick, adding that the two police officers who were hit by gunfire were in a stable condition.
Officials said Jabbar bypassed barriers put in place on Bourbon Street instead of security bollards during the attack. New Orleans was replacing bollards on the street and near completion before the upcoming Super Bowl, New Orleans Mayor LaToya Cantrell said.
Kirkpatrick said Jabbar drove around the barriers bypassing patrol cars, barriers and law enforcement and onto the sidewalk.
"We had a car there, we had barriers there, we had officers there, and he still got around, " Kirkpatrick said.
The deceased attacker was wearing body armor, two sources familiar with the investigation told CBS News. A long gun "with a suppressive device" on it that acted as a silencer was recovered from the scene, law enforcement sources said.
Investigators from the FBI, Homeland Security and bomb squad have all been on the scene at an Airbnb in the St. Roch area of New Orleans, where officials tell CBS News the suspect was staying while in New Orleans. That building caught fire on Wednesday and the investigation into that fire is ongoing.
"We do not believe that Jabbar was solely responsible," FBI special agent Alethea Duncan said at a Wednesday afternoon news conference, asking for the public's help to provide photos, videos or any other information connected to Jabbar.
An ISIS flag was found on the trailer hitch of the vehicle, the FBI said, adding that the agency is working to determine the subject's potential associations and affiliations with terrorist organizations.
The truck that crashed into the crowd appeared to be flying a large black flag from its rear bumper, according to a CBS News review of images of the vehicle.
"Weapons and a potential IED were located in the subject's vehicle," the FBI said in a statement Wednesday. "Other potential IEDs were also located in the French Quarter."
The FBI said Wednesday afternoon that two IEDs had been found and neutralized.
A person familiar with the investigation told CBS News that as of midday Wednesday, neither ISIS nor any other foreign terror organization had claimed responsibility for the attack.
According to records obtained by CBS News, Jabbar was a resident of Houston who previously served in the U.S. Army and Army Reserves. The FBI Houston said Wednesday that authorities were conducting law enforcement activity in North Houston.
In a 2020 YouTube video that appears to have been posted by Jabbar, said he was born and raised in Beaumont, Texas, and described himself as a real estate agent. The video was removed from YouTube on Wednesday afternoon.
A spokesperson for Georgia State University told CBS News that Jabbar attended the university from 2015 to 2017 and graduated with a B.B.A. in Computer Information Systems.
He had a hunting and fishing license and appears to have had a real estate license that expired in 2023, according to Texas Real Estate Commission Records.
He also had prior brushes with the law, including theft and driving without a license. Court records show Jabbar was charged with infractions including a misdemeanor theft charge in 2002 and driving with an invalid license in 2005.
Jabbar was married twice, court records show his first marriage ended in 2012. He married again in 2017 before divorcing in 2022.
A Navy spokesperson confirmed to CBS News that Jabbar enlisted on Aug. 12, 2004, in the Navy Recruiting District Houston and was discharged from the Delayed Entry Program one month later.
He then served in the U.S. Army from March 2007 until January 2015 as a human resource specialist and information technology specialist, an Army spokesperson confirmed to CBS News. Jabbar was deployed to Afghanistan from February 2009 to January 2010.
After Jabbar finished active military duty he was an information technology specialist in the Army Reserves from 2015 until 2020. He ended his service with the rank of staff sergeant, the Army said.
The city initially confirmed at least 10 people were killed, but the coroner later said the death toll had risen to 15 dead in the attack. Dozens of people were transported to area hospitals with injuries. Kirkpatrick said at least 35 people were hospitalized.
St. Thomas More Catholic High School confirmed that 2015 graduate Tiger Bech is one of the victims of the Bourbon Street attack. "Tiger was a 2015 graduate and standout in football, lacrosse, and track and field," the school said. A football star, Bech, 28, attended Princeton University on scholarship and twice earned All-Ivy League honors as a return specialist, according to CBS Sports.
A University of Georgia student was injured in the attack, the school confirmed. "We have learned that a University of Georgia student was critically injured in the attack and is receiving medical treatment," the university's president Jere W. Morehead said on social media.
Two Israeli citizens were also injured in the attack, according to a post from Israel's Minister of Foreign Affairs on social media.
Robert Legare, Andres Triay, Pat Milton, Nicole Sganga, Eleanor Watson, Anna Schecter, Rhona Tarrant and Kati Weis contributed to this report.